Kugabanya ni iki?
Ubwa mbere, ibisobanuro byihuse: Kugabanya ni ibinure bikomeye bikozwe mu mavuta y'ibimera, ibinure by'inyamaswa, cyangwa uruvange. Inshingano yabyo y'ibanze ni "kugabanya" cyangwa gucamo uduce twa gluten mu biryo bitetse, bigatuma habaho imiterere yoroshye kandi ishaje (urugero, mu bishishwa bya pie, biscuits, na cookies).
Ikibazo cy'ingenzi mu ikoranabuhanga ni uguhindura amavuta y'amazi akaba amavuta ahamye kandi akomeye, ya pulasitiki. Ibi bigerwaho binyuze mu nzira ebyiri z'ingenzi:HydrogenationnaGushaka inyungu, ikurikirwa naGupima.
Intambwe z'ingenzi zo gutunganya
Urugendo rwo kuva kuri peteroli mbisi kugeza ku gukaraba kwarangiye rukubiyemo intambwe nyinshi z'ingenzi:
1. Guhitamo no kuvanga amavuta
- Intego:Gukora uruvange rw'amavuta y'ibanze hamwe n'imiterere y'aside irike wifuza kugira ngo umusaruro wa nyuma ube mwiza (aho ushongeshereza, ibinure bikomeye, nibindi).
- Inzira:Amavuta atandukanye yatunganyijwe, yakuweho impumuro mbi kandi adafite impumuro mbi (RBD) arapimwa kandi akavangwa. Amavuta asanzwe arimo soya, palm, cottonseed, canola, n'amavuta ya palm kernel.
2. Hydrogenation (Uburyo gakondo)
- Intego:Kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gushonga no kudahindagurika kw'amavuta y'amazi binyuze mu gutuma arushaho kuba yuzuye.
- Inzira:Amavuta avanzwe ashyushywa mu cyuma gishyushya umwuka iyo hari katalyst ya nickel na gaze ya hydrogen.Icyitonderwa:Iyi gahunda iremaibinure bya trans, ubu bigenzurwa cyane kandi ntibikunzwe kubera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Ibi byatumye habaho ikoranabuhanga rindi.
- Atome za hydrogène zongerwa ku migozi ibiri idafite amazi mu migozi ya aside irike.
- Ibi bihindura amavuta y'amazi (adafite amavuta menshi) mo ibinure bito cyangwa bikomeye (ibinure byuzuye n'ibikomoka kuri trans).
3. Gushaka inyungu (Uburyo bugezweho)
- Intego:Guhindura aside irike ku ruti rw'umugongo rwa glycerol rw'uturemangingo twa triglyceride hatabayeho ibinure bya trans. Ibi bituma abakora ibinure bashobora gukora ibinure bifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga no gushushanya ibinure bivuye mu mavuta avanze.
- Inzira:Ibisubizo:Ishingiro ryo kugabanya ibinure ridafite trans-fat rifite imikorere myiza cyane.
- IE y'ibinyabutabire:Ikoresha catalyst ya sodium methoxide kugira ngo imenye kandi yongere iteranye mu buryo butunguranye aside irike.
- Enzymatic IE:Ikoresha enzymes runaka (urugero, lipases) nk'umusemburo. Ibi ni ukuri kurushaho kandi byemerera kongera gukora ivugurura ryihariye ariko birahenze cyane.
4. Kuvanga no Gutunganya Emulsification
- Ibinure by’ibanze bikomeye bivangwa n’amavuta y’amazi kugira ngo hagerwe ku gipimo nyacyo cy’ibinure bikomeye (SFI) - igipimo cy’ubukomere mu bushyuhe butandukanye.
- Ibinyabutabire (urugero: monoglycerides, lecithin) byongerwamo kugira ngo birusheho kunoza imiterere, ingano, n'igihe bizamara mu gicuruzwa cya nyuma gitetse.
5. Gukonjesha no Gukomera (Gukonjesha no Guhindura Crystallization)
Iyi ni intambwe y'ingenzi cyane mu gushyiraho imiterere ya nyuma n'uburyo bwo "gukwirakwira" kw'ingufu ngufi.
- Inzira:Uruvange rw'ibinure byashongeshejwe rushyirwa muUmutoracyangwa icyuma gihindura ubushyuhe ku buso bwacyo (SSHE).
- Igice (Igikonjesho):Ibinure bikonjeshwa vuba iyo bikozwe n'umuvuduko mwinshi kandi bigatera imbaraga. Ibi bituma habaho utubumbe twinshi duto twa beta-prime (β'), tukaba ari two tworoshye, dufite imiterere myiza, kandi dukozwe muri pulasitiki.
- Igice cya B (Umuvuduko w'ubushyuhe):Hanyuma ibinure bikonjeshwa bishyirwa mu cyuma gikonjesha cyangwa mu muyoboro utuma ibintu birushaho kuba byiza. Ibi bigabanya ibinure bihindura imiterere kugira ngo kristu ikore neza kandi birinde ibinure binini bya beta (β) bifite ububobere.
6. Gupima no gupakira
- Ifu ikiri gushyuha kandi ikora nk'iy'ibumba ipfunyitse (mu bidendezi, mu dukombe, cyangwa mu bikoresho binini).
- Ifu ifunze ishyirwa mu bubiko bugenzurwa n'ubushyuhe (ibyumba byo gushyushya) mu gihe cy'amasaha 24-72.
- Intego yo Gupima:Ibi bituma imiterere ya kristu ikomera neza mu ishusho ya β' wifuza, bigatuma imiterere yayo ihora ihindagurika kandi igororotse.
7. Kubika no Kohereza
- Ifu igabanya ubushyuhe irabikwa kandi ikoherezwa munsi y'ubushyuhe bugenzurwa kugira ngo igumane ubuziranenge n'ubuziranenge.
Ibitekerezo by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga
- Ubuziranenge bwa pulasitiki:Imiterere ituma gupfunyika kw'ibinure bikwirakwira kandi bikavangwa byoroshye. Biterwa no kugira uruvange rwa kristu zikomeye n'amavuta y'amazi mu rugero runaka rw'ubushyuhe ("plastiki").
- Imiterere ya kristu:Ubwoko bwa kristu y'ibinure ni ingenzi cyane.Igipimo cy'ibinure bikomeye (SFI):Umugozi upima ijanisha ry'ibinure bikomeye mu gupfunyika mu bushyuhe butandukanye. Ni cyo gikoresho cy'ibanze cyo kumenya imikorere y'umugozi mu buryo bwihariye (urugero: gupfunyika kw'urubuto rwa pie na gupfunyika kw'urubura bifite imigozi ya SFI itandukanye cyane).
- Uduce twa Beta-Prime (β'):Uduce duto, tumeze nk'udushinge, dukora urusobe rwiza rushobora kubika amavuta menshi y'amazi. Ibi bituma habaho uburyohe bworoshye, bwiza kandi bukozwe muri pulasitiki.Iyi ni yo fomu yifuzwa.
- Uduce twa Beta (β):Amabuye manini, akomeye, afite ibinure bivamo ibinure bito, byoroshye kandi bitari ibya pulasitiki (urugero, ubushyuhe bw'amavuta ashaje).
Incamake y'umusaruro ugezweho wo kugabanya umusaruro
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga
Icyerekezo kirimo kugenda kiva cyane kurihydrogenation(kubera guhagarika ibinure bya trans) no kuri:
- Gushaka inyungu(imiti n'imisemburo).
- Gukoresha amavuta asanzwe nk'ay'ibinureAmavuta y'amatapin'ibice byayo (urugero, palm olein, palm stearin), akenshi bivanze n'andi mavuta y'amazi adahindagurika nka sunflower ifite oleic nyinshi cyangwa amavuta ya canola.
- Hydrogenation yuzuye:Gushyiramo ihydrogenation mu mavuta yose (bituma habaho stearine yuzuye kandi idafite ibinure bya trans) hanyuma bikavangwa n'amavuta y'amazi. Ibi bitandukanye no gushyiramo ihydrogenation mu mavuta igice, ari byo byatumye habaho ibinure bya trans.
Intego y'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukata no gukaranga ni ukugira ngo habeho imikorere myiza yo guteka no gukarangantaikoreshwa ry'ibinure bya trans by'ubukorano.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-08-2025